I. Incazelo
I-FOB ingenye yamagama okuhweba asetshenziswa kakhulu kwezohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Imelela ukuthi “Free On Board.” Uma kusetshenziswa igama le-FOB, umthengisi unesibopho sokulayisha izimpahla emkhunjini oqokiwe womthengi echwebeni elibekiwe lokuthunyelwa ngaphakathi kwesikhathi esivunyelwene ngaso futhi kumele azise umthengi ngokushesha. Ingozi yokulahlekelwa noma ukulimala kwezimpahla idluliselwa kumthengisi iye kumthengi uma izimpahla sezisemkhunjini.
II. Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yomthengisi
Ukulungiswa Nokulayishwa Kwezimpahla
Umthengisi kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi izimpahla zilayishwa emkhunjini oqokiwe womthengi echwebeni elichazwe ngokwesivumelwano futhi zingakapheli isikhathi esibekiwe. Isibonelo, uma inkampani yokukhiqiza izingubo yaseShayina ithengisa izingubo ngaphansi kwemigomo ye-FOB Shanghai Port, kudingeka idlulisele izimpahla kumthumeli wezimpahla ohlela ukulayisha. Umthengisi kumele aqinisekise ukuthi inani nekhwalithi yezimpahla kuhlangabezana nezidingo zesivumelwano nokuthi izimpahla zipakishwe kahle ukuze zithuthwe ngolwandle.
Umthengisi uthwala nazo zonke izindleko ezihambisana nezimpahla kuze kufike ezingeni lokulayisha. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izindleko zokuthutha zangaphakathi ezweni ukuya echwebeni kanye nezindleko zokuphatha izimpahla emkhunjini. Isibonelo, inkampani yezingubo kufanele ikhokhele ukuthutha kusuka endaweni yayo yokugcina impahla iye eShanghai Port kanye nezindleko zokuphatha ichwebeni zokulayisha izingubo emkhunjini.
Imvume Yokuthumela Ngaphandle
Umthengisi unesibopho sokusingatha yonke imithetho yentela yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe, okuhlanganisa nokuthola amalayisense okuthumela kwamanye amazwe kanye nokuqedela izimemezelo zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe. Isibonelo, uma kuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe imikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi, umthengisi kufanele amemezele ngokunembile igama lomkhiqizo, imininingwane, intengo, kanye nolunye ulwazi kuziphathimandla zentela, akhokhe noma yimiphi intela yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe efanele, futhi aqinisekise ukuthi izimpahla zingathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngokushelela.
Isaziso kuMthengi
Ngemva kokuba izimpahla zilayishwe emkhunjini, umthengisi kumele athumele isaziso esanele kumthengi. Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba ingozi idluliselwa kumthengi uma izimpahla zidlula esitimela somkhumbi. Uma umthengisi ehluleka ukwazisa umthengi ngesikhathi esifanele futhi kwenzeka okuthile ezimpahleni ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa, kungase kuvele izingxabano mayelana nesibopho. Isaziso kufanele sifake imininingwane efana nesikhathi sokulayisha, igama lomkhumbi, kanye nolwazi oluthile mayelana nezimpahla.
III. Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yomthengi
Ukuqashisa kanye Nomshuwalense
Umthengi unesibopho sokuqasha umkhumbi noma indawo yokubhuka emkhunjini futhi kumele azise umthengisi ngegama lomkhumbi, indawo yokulayisha, kanye nesikhathi sokulethwa esidingekayo ngesikhathi esifanele. Isibonelo, uma umthengisi waseMelika ethenga izingxenye zemishini eShayina ngaphansi kwemigomo ye-FOB, umthengisi kufanele ahlele inkampani yokuthumela impahla futhi azise umthengisi waseShayina ngegama lomkhumbi kanye nesikhathi sokulayisha.
Umthengi kufanele futhi athenge umshwalense wokuhamba. Njengoba ingozi idluliselwa kumthengi ngemva kokuba izimpahla zilayishiwe, umthengi udinga ukukhetha inqubomgomo yomshwalense efanele ngokusekelwe enanini lezimpahla kanye nezingozi zokuhamba ezihilelekile, njenge-Free from Particular Average (FPA), With Average (WA), noma Zonke Izingozi. Isibonelo, kumathuluzi okunemba anenani eliphezulu futhi awonakala kalula, umthengi angakhetha umshwalense we-All Risks ukuze athole ukumbozwa okuphelele.
Ukwamukelwa Kwamadokhumenti Nokukhokha
Umthengi kudingeka amukele amadokhumenti afanele anikezwe ngumthengisi, njenge-invoyisi yezentengiselwano, uhlu lokupakisha, kanye ne-bill of lading. Lawa madokhumenti abalulekile kumthengi ukuze aphathe ukuvunyelwa kwentela yokungenisa okulandelayo kanye nokukhokhelwa kwenkokhelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umthengi kumele akhokhele umthengisi ngokwendlela okuvunyelwene ngayo - ngesikhathi sokukhokha enkontilekeni, njengencwadi yesikweletu noma ukudluliselwa kwe-telegraphic.
IV. Izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kweThemu le-FOB
Izinzuzo
Kumthengisi, ingozi idlula kusenesikhathi. Uma izimpahla sezilayishiwe emkhunjini, umthengisi ngeke akhathazeke kakhulu ngenqubo yokuthutha. Isibonelo, ngezimpahla ezibolayo, umthengisi akudingeki akhathazeke ngokulondolozwa ngesikhathi sokuthutha, njengoba lezi zingozi zithwalwa kakhulu ngumthengi.
Kumthengi, kunokuguquguquka okwengeziwe ekukhetheni izinketho zokuhamba kanye nomshwalense. Umthengi angakhetha inkampani yokuthumela ebiza kakhulu kanye nenqubomgomo yomshwalense ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zakhe kanye nokucatshangelwa kwezindleko.
Ukungalungi
Umthengisi akanalo igunya eliningi enqubweni yokuthutha. Njengoba umthengi enesibopho sokuqasha umkhumbi, umthengisi angase angakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpahla zithuthwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele kakhulu. Isibonelo, inkampani yokuthumela ekhethwe umthengi ingase ibe nekhwalithi yesevisi engeyinhle, okuholela ezikhathini zokuthutha ezandisiwe noma ezingozini ezandayo zokulimala kwezimpahla.
Umthengi akanalo igunya eliningi phezu kwezimpahla ngaphambi kokuba zilayishwe emkhunjini. Uma kuvela izinkinga ngezimpahla ngaphambi kokulayisha, njengezinkinga zekhwalithi ezingahlangabezani nezidingo, umthengi angase angakwazi ukuzibona nokuzixazulula ngesikhathi esifanele.
Emisebenzini yangempela yokuhweba yamazwe ngamazwe, ukusetshenziswa kwegama le-FOB kudinga ukuxoxisana ngokucophelela ngemibandela yenkontileka phakathi komthengi nomthengisi ukuze kucaciswe amalungelo nezibopho zabo kanye nokugwema izingxabano zokuhweba.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-25-2025
