Intangiriro yigihembwe cyubucuruzi FOB

I. Ibisobanuro

FOB ni rimwe mu magambo akoreshwa cyane mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Risobanura “Ubuntu Ku Nama.” Iyo manda ya FOB ikoreshejwe, umugurisha ashinzwe gupakira ibicuruzwa kumato yabigenewe ku cyambu cyagenwe cyoherejwe mugihe cyagenwe kandi agomba kubimenyesha bidatinze umuguzi. Ibyago byo gutakaza cyangwa kwangirika kubicuruzwa bimurwa kubagurisha kubigura ibicuruzwa bimaze kuba mubwato.

II. Inshingano z'umugurisha

Gutegura no gupakira ibicuruzwa

Umugurisha agomba kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa byapakiwe ku cyombo cyagenewe abaguzi ku cyambu cyagenwe n'amasezerano kandi mu gihe giteganijwe. Kurugero, niba uruganda rukora imyenda rwabashinwa rugurisha imyenda hakurikijwe icyambu cya FOB Shanghai, rugomba guha ibicuruzwa uwashinzwe gutwara ibicuruzwa utegura imizigo. Umugurisha agomba kwemeza ko ubwinshi nubwiza bwibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa n’amasezerano kandi ko ibicuruzwa byapakiwe neza kugirango bitwarwe mu nyanja.

Umugurisha yishyura ibiciro byose bijyanye nibicuruzwa kugeza aho bipakira. Ibi bikubiyemo amafaranga yo gutwara abantu mu gihugu imbere ku cyambu no kwishyura ibyambu byo gupakira ibicuruzwa mu bwato. Kurugero, uruganda rwimyenda rugomba kwishyura ubwikorezi buva mububiko bwuruganda rugana ku cyambu cya Shanghai hamwe n’amafaranga yo gukoresha icyambu cyo gupakira imyenda mu bwato.

Kwohereza ibicuruzwa hanze

Umugurisha ashinzwe gukemura ibicuruzwa byose byoherezwa mu mahanga, harimo kubona impushya zo kohereza mu mahanga no kuzuza imenyekanisha ryoherezwa mu mahanga. Kurugero, mugihe cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa bya elegitoronike, umugurisha agomba kumenyesha neza izina ryibicuruzwa, ibisobanuro, igiciro, nandi makuru kubuyobozi bwa gasutamo, kwishyura imisoro iyo ari yo yose yoherezwa mu mahanga, kandi akemeza ko ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga neza.

Kumenyesha umuguzi

Ibicuruzwa bimaze gupakirwa mu bwato, ugurisha agomba kohereza integuza ihagije kubaguzi. Ibi nibyingenzi kuko ibyago bimurira abaguzi ibicuruzwa bimaze kunyura muri gari ya moshi. Niba umugurisha ananiwe kumenyesha umuguzi mugihe gikwiye kandi harikintu kibaye kubicuruzwa mugihe cyo gutwara, amakimbirane ashingiye kuburyozwe arashobora kuvuka. Amatangazo agomba kuba akubiyemo ibisobanuro nkigihe cyo gupakira, izina ryubwato, namakuru yihariye yerekeye ibicuruzwa.

III. Inshingano z'umuguzi

Amasezerano n'Ubwishingizi

Umuguzi ashinzwe gukodesha ubwato cyangwa umwanya wo gutangiriraho ubwato kandi agomba kumenyesha umugurisha izina ryubwato, icyambu cyo gupakira, nigihe gikenewe cyo kugemura mugihe gikwiye. Kurugero, niba umunyamerika utumiza mu mahanga agura ibice byubukanishi mubushinwa hakurikijwe FOB, uwatumije ibicuruzwa agomba guteganya isosiyete itwara ibicuruzwa kandi akamenyesha umugurisha wubushinwa izina ryubwato nigihe cyo gupakira.

Umuguzi agomba kandi kugura ubwishingizi bwo gutwara abantu. Kubera ko ibyago byimurira abaguzi ibicuruzwa bimaze gupakirwa, umuguzi agomba guhitamo politiki yubwishingizi ikwiye ishingiye ku gaciro k’ibicuruzwa n’ingaruka zo gutwara abantu zirimo, nka Free from Particular Average (FPA), Hamwe na Average (WA), cyangwa Ingaruka zose. Kurugero, kubintu byinshi - agaciro kandi byoroshye - ibikoresho byangiritse byangiritse, umuguzi arashobora guhitamo ubwishingizi bwingaruka zose kugirango abone ubwishingizi bwuzuye.

Kwemera Inyandiko no Kwishura

Umuguzi asabwa kwakira inyandiko zijyanye n’umugurisha, nka fagitire y’ubucuruzi, urutonde rwabapakira, na fagitire yinguzanyo. Izi nyandiko ningirakamaro kubaguzi kugirango bakemure ibicuruzwa biva muri gasutamo no kwishyura. Muri icyo gihe, umuguzi agomba kwishyura uwagurishije akurikije ibyumvikanyweho - ku buryo bwo kwishyura mu masezerano, nk'urwandiko rw'inguzanyo cyangwa kohereza telegraph.

IV. Ibyiza n'ibibi bya manda ya FOB

Ibyiza

Ku ugurisha, ingaruka zoherejwe hakiri kare. Iyo ibicuruzwa bimaze gupakirwa mu bwato, umugurisha arashobora guhangayikishwa cyane nuburyo bwo gutwara abantu. Kurugero, kubicuruzwa byangirika, umugurisha ntagomba guhangayikishwa no kubungabunga mugihe cyubwikorezi, kuko izi ngaruka ziterwa ahanini nuwaguze.

Kubaguzi, hari byinshi byoroshye guhitamo inzira yubwikorezi nubwishingizi. Umuguzi arashobora guhitamo ikiguzi cyinshi - isosiyete itwara ibicuruzwa neza hamwe na politiki yubwishingizi ukurikije ibyo bakeneye hamwe nibitekerezo byabo.

Ibibi

Umugurisha ntabwo agenzura uburyo bwo gutwara abantu. Kubera ko umuguzi ashinzwe gukodesha ubwato, umugurisha ntashobora kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa bitwarwa mubihe byiza. Kurugero, isosiyete itwara ibicuruzwa yatoranijwe numuguzi irashobora kuba ifite serivisi mbi, biganisha ku gihe cyo gutwara abantu cyangwa kongera ibyago byo kwangiza ibicuruzwa.

Umuguzi ntagenzura ibicuruzwa mbere yuko bishyirwa mubwato. Niba ibibazo bivutse nibicuruzwa mbere yo gupakira, nkibibazo byubuziranenge bitujuje ibisabwa, umuguzi ntashobora kubimenya no kubikemura mugihe gikwiye.

Mubikorwa mpuzamahanga byubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, gukoresha ijambo FOB bisaba kumvikana neza kumasezerano yamasezerano hagati yumuguzi nugurisha kugirango basobanure uburenganzira ninshingano zabo no kwirinda amakimbirane yubucuruzi.